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• 1. Antena By Uke Kurniawan Usman Laboratoria SISKOM STT Telkom [email_address]

2. Antenna - How it Works The antenna converts radio frequency electrical energy fed to it (via the transmission line) to an electromagnetic wave propagated into space.The physical size of the radiating element is proportional to the wavelength.The higher the frequency, the smaller the antenna size. Assuming that the operating frequency in both cases is the same, the antenna will perform identically in Transmit or Receive mode 3. The type of system you are installing will help determine the type of antenna used.Generally speaking, there are two types of antennae:

• Directional

• -this type of antenna has a narrow beamwidth;with the power being more directional, greater distances are usually achieved but area coverage is sacrificed

• -Yagi, Panel, Sector and Parabolic antennae

• -an EUM, NCL Station/Master will use this type of antenna in both Point to Point and Point to Multipoint

2.Omni-Directional -this type of antenna has a wide beamwidth and radiates 3600;with the power being more spread out, shorter distances are achieved but greater coverage attained -Omni antenna 4. Macam maca konfigurasi antenaDipole Dipole dengan pemantulYagi Dipole dengan pemantul dan penyearahHornHpbw Parabola dengan prime focusParabola dengan casegrain 5. Yagi

• better suited for shorter links

• lower dBi gain;usually between 7 and 15 dBi

6. Parabolic

• used in medium to long links

• gains of 18 to 28 dBi

• most common

7. Sectoral

• directional in nature, but can be adjusted anywhere from 45 0to 180 0

• typical gains vary from 10 to 19 dBi

8. Omni

• used at the CCU or Master NCL for wide coverage

• typical gains of 3 to 10 dBi

9. Polarization

• An antennas polarization is relative to the E-field of antenna.

• If the E-field is horizontal, than the antenna is Horizontally Polarized.

• If the E-field is vertical, than the antenna is Vertically Polarized.

No matter what polarity you choose, all antennas in the same RF network must be polarized identically regardless of the antenna type. 10. Polarization Vertical Horizontal Vertical Polarization: The electric field is vertical to the ground (In the maximum gain direction) Horizontal Polarization: The electric field is parallel to the ground (In the maximum gain direction) 11. + 45degree slant - 45degree slant Polarization 12. V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45) Polarization 13.

• Polarization may deliberately be used to:

• • Increase isolation from unwanted signal sources (Cross Polarization Discrimination (x-pol) typically 25 dB)

• • Reduce interference

• • Help define a specific coverage area

Horizontal Vertical 14. Radiation Pattern A graphical representation of the intensity of the radiation vs. the angle from the perpendicular. The graph is usually circular, the intensity indicated by the distance from the centre basedin the corresponding angle. Antenna Radiation Pattern 15. Radiation Patern Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern boresight main lobe side lobe (elevation) 16. Side lobes Upper Side LobeSuppression(dB) 17.

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• Log periodic dipole array (LPDA)

Contoh Radiation Patern Dipoles Transmission line

• - BW is smaller than LPDA

• typical gain 12 14 dB

Reflector Driven element (dipole) Directors

• Yagi antenna

Directional Radiation Pattern main lobe main lobe side lobe back lobe

• - very wide BW, with constant SWR

• typical gain 10 dBi

18. Antenna Radiation pattern Directional Antenna Radiation Pattern Horizontal planeVertical plane 19. Antenna Radiation pattern Horizontal planeVertical plane Omni-directional Antenna Radiation Pattern 20. Typical Radiation Pattern for a Yagi 21. Typical Radiation Pattern for a Sector 22. Pattern 23. Gain Unless otherwise specified, the gain usually refers to the direction of maximumradiation. 24. Antenna gain is usually expressed indBiordBd dBiGain relative to an isotropic antenna when the reference antenna is an isotropic antenna. dBd Gain relative to a half-wave dipole when the reference antenna is a half-wave dipole. Gain Unit 25. half-wave dipole isotropic radiator eg:0dBd=2.15dBi dBd and dBi 2.15dB 26. Dipoles Wavelength 1/2 Wavelength 1/4 Wavelength 1/4 Wavelength 1/2 Wavelength Dipole 1900MHz 78.95 mm 800MHz 187.5mm 27. GAIN = 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd Dipoles OnedipoleReceived Power 1mW multiple dipoles Received Power 4 mW 28. 10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBd Dipoles Sector antenna Received Power 8mW Omnidirectional array Received Power 4mW (down look) Antenna 29. 9.5 W forward: 10W reverse: 0.5W Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) VSWR

• Usual Request VSWR 1.5

• Reflection Coefficient =(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)

• Return Loss RL=-20lg

80ohms 50 ohms 30. Beamwidth 120 (eg) Peak Peak - 10dB Peak - 10dB 10dB Beamwidth 60 (eg) Peak Peak - 3dB Peak - 3dB 3dB Beamwidth